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Integration using Feynman technique

Integration using Feynman technique

求解积分:

∫ − ∞ + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2 d x \\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(x^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x ∫−∞+∞​x2e−x2sin2(x2)​dx

解:

令:

I = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2 d x I=\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(x^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x I=∫−∞+∞​x2e−x2sin2(x2)​dx

由于是偶函数,所以:

I = 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2 d x I=2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(x^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x I=2∫0+∞​x2e−x2sin2(x2)​dx

下面使用一个小技巧,即通过添加参数 t t t 拓展上述积分:

I ( t ) = 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( t x 2 ) x 2 d x I(t)=2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(tx^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x I(t)=2∫0+∞​x2e−x2sin2(tx2)​dx

然后对上式等号左右进行微分:

d d t I ( t ) = d d t 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( t x 2 ) x 2 d x = 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ ∂ ∂ t e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( t x 2 ) x 2 d x = 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 x 2 2 sin ⁡ ( t x 2 ) cos ⁡ ( t x 2 ) x 2 d x = 4 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ ( t x 2 ) cos ⁡ ( t x 2 ) d x = 4 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ ( 2 t x 2 ) d x \\begin{aligned} \\frac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d}t}I(t)&=\\frac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d}t}2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(tx^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ &=2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(tx^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ &=2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}}{x^{2}}2\\sin\\left(tx^{2}\\right)\\cos\\left(tx^{2}\\right)x^{2}\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ &=4\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}e^{-x^{2}}\\sin\\left(tx^{2}\\right)\\cos\\left(tx^{2}\\right)\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ &=4\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}e^{-x^{2}}\\sin\\left(2tx^{2}\\right)\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ \\end{aligned} dtd​I(t)​=dtd​2∫0+∞​x2e−x2sin2(tx2)​dx=2∫0+∞​∂t∂​x2e−x2sin2(tx2)​dx=2∫0+∞​x2e−x2​2sin(tx2)cos(tx2)x2dx=4∫0+∞​e−x2sin(tx2)cos(tx2)dx=4∫0+∞​e−x2sin(2tx2)dx​

由于:

e i x = cos ⁡ x + i sin ⁡ x e^{\\mathrm{i}x}=\\cos x+\\mathrm{i}\\sin x eix=cosx+isinx

所以:

I m [ e 2 i t x 2 ] = sin ⁡ ( 2 t x 2 ) \\mathrm{Im}\\left[e^{2\\mathrm{i}tx^{2}}\\right]=\\sin\\left(2tx^{2}\\right) Im[e2itx2]=sin(2tx2)

代入积分方程中:

I ′ ( t ) = I m [ 4 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 e 2 i t x 2 d x ] = I m [ 4 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 ( 1 − 2 i t ) d x ] \\begin{aligned} I'(t) &=\\mathrm{Im}\\left[4\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}e^{-x^{2}}e^{2\\mathrm{i}tx^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x\\right]\\\\ &=\\mathrm{Im}\\left[4\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}e^{-x^{2}(1-2\\mathrm{i}t)}\\mathrm{d}x\\right]\\\\ \\end{aligned} I′(t)​=Im[4∫0+∞​e−x2e2itx2dx]=Im[4∫0+∞​e−x2(1−2it)dx]​

考虑到:

∫ 0 + ∞ e − α x 2 d x = 1 2 π α \\int_{0}^{+\\infty}e^{-\\alpha x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x=\\frac{1}{2}\\sqrt{\\frac{\\pi}{\\alpha}} ∫0+∞​e−αx2dx=21​απ​ ​

代入到前式中:

I ′ ( t ) = 2 π I m [ 1 1 − 2 i t ] \\begin{aligned} I'(t) &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1-2\\mathrm{i}t}}\\right]\\\\ \\end{aligned} I′(t)​=2π ​Im[1−2it ​1​]​

将上式等号两端积分:

∫ 0 + ∞ d d t I ( t ) d t = I ( t ) = 2 π I m [ ∫ 0 + ∞ ( 1 − 2 i t ) − 1 / 2 d t ] = 2 π I m [ ( 1 − 2 i t ) 1 / 2 1 2 ( − 2 i ) + C ] = 2 π I m [ i ( 1 − 2 i t ) 1 / 2 ] + C \\begin{aligned} \\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{\\mathrm{d}}{\\mathrm{d}t}I(t)\\mathrm{d}t &=I(t)\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\left(1-2\\mathrm{i}t\\right)^{-1/2}\\mathrm{d}t\\right]\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\frac{(1-2\\mathrm{i}t)^{1/2}}{\\frac{1}{2}(-2\\mathrm{i})}+C\\right]\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\mathrm{i}(1-2\\mathrm{i}t)^{1/2}\\right]+C\\\\ \\end{aligned} ∫0+∞​dtd​I(t)dt​=I(t)=2π ​Im[∫0+∞​(1−2it)−1/2dt]=2π ​Im[21​(−2i)(1−2it)1/2​+C]=2π ​Im[i(1−2it)1/2]+C​

考虑到:

I ( t ) = 2 ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( t x 2 ) x 2 d x I(t)=2\\int_{0}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(tx^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x I(t)=2∫0+∞​x2e−x2sin2(tx2)​dx

此时,令 t = 0 t=0 t=0,

I ( t = 0 ) = 0 I(t=0)=0 I(t=0)=0

则前式的结果:

I ( t = 0 ) = 0 = 2 π I m [ i ( 1 − 2 i t ) 1 / 2 ] + C = 2 π I m [ i ] + C = 2 π + C \\begin{aligned} I(t=0) &=0\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\mathrm{i}(1-2\\mathrm{i}t)^{1/2}\\right]+C\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\mathrm{i}\\right]+C\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}+C\\\\ \\end{aligned} I(t=0)​=0=2π ​Im[i(1−2it)1/2]+C=2π ​Im[i]+C=2π ​+C​

由上得出:

C = − 2 π C=-2\\sqrt{\\pi} C=−2π ​

则最初需要解决的积分:

I ( t = 1 ) = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ e − x 2 sin ⁡ 2 ( x 2 ) x 2 d x = 2 π I m [ i ( 1 − 2 i ) 1 / 2 ] − 2 π \\begin{aligned} I(t=1) &=\\int_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}\\frac{e^{-x^{2}}\\sin^{2}\\left(x^{2}\\right)}{x^{2}}\\mathrm{d}x\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\mathrm{Im}\\left[\\mathrm{i}(1-2\\mathrm{i})^{1/2}\\right]-2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\\\ \\end{aligned} I(t=1)​=∫−∞+∞​x2e−x2sin2(x2)​dx=2π ​Im[i(1−2i)1/2]−2π ​​

设:

z = 1 − 2 i z=1-2\\mathrm{i} z=1−2i

则:

∣ z ∣ = 1 2 + 2 2 = 5 A r g z = tan ⁡ − 1 ( − 2 1 ) = − tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) \\left|z\\right|=\\sqrt{1^{2}+2^{2}}=\\sqrt{5}\\\\ \\mathrm{Arg}\\ z=\\tan^{-1}\\left(\\frac{-2}{1}\\right)=-\\tan^{-1}(2) ∣z∣=12+22 ​=5 ​Arg z=tan−1(1−2​)=−tan−1(2)

所以:

z = 1 − 2 i = 5 e − i tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) z=1-2\\mathrm{i}=\\sqrt{5}e^{-\\mathrm{i}\\tan^{-1}(2)} z=1−2i=5 ​e−itan−1(2)

所以:

1 − 2 i = 5 e − i tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) 2 \\sqrt{1-2\\mathrm{i}}=\\sqrt{\\sqrt{5}}e^{-\\mathrm{i}\\frac{\\tan^{-1}(2)}{2}} 1−2i ​=5 ​ ​e−i2tan−1(2)​

所以:

I m [ i 1 − 2 i ] = I m [ i 5 e − i tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) 2 ] = 5 cos ⁡ ( tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) 2 ) \\begin{aligned} \\mathrm{Im}\\left[ \\mathrm{i}\\sqrt{1-2\\mathrm{i}}\\right] &=\\mathrm{Im}\\left[ \\mathrm{i}\\sqrt{\\sqrt{5}}e^{-\\mathrm{i}\\frac{\\tan^{-1}(2)}{2}}\\right]\\\\ &=\\sqrt{\\sqrt{5}}\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\tan^{-1}(2)}{2}\\right) \\end{aligned} Im[i1−2i ​]​=Im[i5 ​ ​e−i2tan−1(2)​]=5 ​ ​cos(2tan−1(2)​)​

所以:

I ( 1 ) = 2 π 5 cos ⁡ ( tan ⁡ − 1 ( 2 ) 2 ) − 2 π = 2 π 5 1 + 5 2 5 − 2 π = 2 π 1 + 5 2 − 2 π = 2 π ( 1 + 5 2 − 1 ) \\begin{aligned} I(1) &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\sqrt{\\sqrt{5}}\\cos\\left(\\frac{\\tan^{-1}(2)}{2}\\right)-2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\sqrt{\\sqrt{5}}\\sqrt{\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2\\sqrt{5}}}-2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\sqrt{\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2}}-2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\\\ &=2\\sqrt{\\pi}\\left(\\sqrt{\\frac{1+\\sqrt{5}}{2}}-1\\right)\\\\ \\end{aligned} I(1)​=2π ​5 ​ ​cos(2tan−1(2)​)−2π ​=2π ​5 ​ ​25 ​1+5 ​​ ​−2π ​=2π ​21+5 ​​ ​−2π ​=2π ​ ​21+5 ​​ ​−1 ​​


  • 参考文献

A beautiful calculus result: solution using Feynman’s technique